Logical Fallacies
Ad Hominem Fallacy: Types and Examples
The ad hominem fallacy attacks the person making an argument instead of the argument. Learn its main types, see examples, and find out when it isn't a fallacy.
Think it through.
Plain-English guides to spotting bad arguments, catching your own biases and weighing evidence, each one built on research and university sources.
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- Reasoning & Arguments What critical thinking is, how arguments work and how to reason more carefully. 3 guides
- Logical Fallacies The common errors in reasoning, with examples and how to answer them. 3 guides
- Cognitive Biases The mental shortcuts that skew judgment, and what research says about reducing them. 2 guides
- Evaluating Information How to check sources, claims and evidence before you trust or share them. 1 guide
- Learning How to Learn Study and learning methods that research shows actually work. 1 guide
Latest guides
All guidesCognitive Biases
Confirmation Bias and How to Reduce It
Confirmation bias is favoring evidence that fits what you already believe. Where the idea comes from, everyday examples, and what research says reduces it.
Reasoning & Arguments
Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning guarantees its conclusion if the premises are true. Inductive reasoning only makes it likely. See examples, a comparison table and mistakes.
Cognitive Biases
The Dunning-Kruger Effect, Explained
The Dunning-Kruger effect: people who score lowest on a test overestimate themselves the most. What the 1999 study found and why its cause is still debated.
Evaluating Information
How to Evaluate Sources: SIFT and CRAAP
To evaluate a source, leave the page and check what others say about who made it. How SIFT, lateral reading and the CRAAP test work, with quick checks for news.
Reasoning & Arguments
How to Improve Critical Thinking
Learn reasoning strategies explicitly, then practice them on real problems with discussion and feedback. What the meta-analyses show works, and what doesn't.